2022-05-12T09:17:31-05:00 2021-06-30 ERNST & YOUNG US LLP 4365 EXECUTIVE DR SUITE 1600 SAN DIEGO CA 92121 990 2020-07-01 952160097 THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES % KIMBERLY CASTILLO SALK 8584534100 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 KIM E WITMER TREAS/SVP FIN/ADMIN 8584534100 2022-05-11 true KIM E WITMER 999009999 JOCELYNE MILLER P00634378 8585357200 2022-05-10 2 2020 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z FRED GAGE 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 255269737 false X WWW.SALK.EDU X 1960 CA BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY. 33 29 1131 0 -763975 0 160017000 176855692 0 0 5071233 29938735 3014724 4453690 168102957 211248117 0 0 0 0 82920070 85285453 0 0 5290684 62065841 63065534 144985911 148350987 23117046 62897130 631368473 802933823 127948565 133384192 503419908 669549631 X INVOLVED IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, THE OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE THE ADVANCEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF MAN. THE OBJECTIVES ARE MET PRIMARILY THROUGH RESEARCH AND ADVANCED INSTRUCTION IN (A) BIOLOGY, (B) THE CAUSE, PREVENTION AND CURE OF DISEASES, AND (C) THE FACTORS AND CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO THE FULFILLMENT OF MAN'S BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL. false false 124552255 0 0 Giant leap in diagnosing liver disease - Chronic liver disease represents a major global public health problem affecting an estimated 844 million people, according to the World Health Organization. It is among the top causes of mortality in Australia, the UK and the United States. At the same time, it is both difficult to manage and there is no FDA-approved anti-fibrotic liver therapy. The microbiome-a complex collection of microbes that inhabit the gut-may be an unexpected indictor of health. Now, a collaborative team of Salk Institute and UC San Diego scientists have created a novel microbiome-based diagnostic tool that, with the accuracy of the best physicians, quickly and inexpensively identifies liver fibrosis and cirrhosis over 90 percent of the time in human patients. The non-invasive method relies on an algorithm to analyze patient stool samples-which contains traces of what lives in the gut-and could lead to improved patient care and treatment outcomes for liver disease, as detailed online on June 30, 2020 in Cell Metabolism. [7/1/2020] Salk scientists discover genetic "dial" to turn immune function up and down to target cancer, autoimmune disease - The human immune system is a finely tuned machine, balancing when to release a cellular army to deal with pathogens, with when to rein in that army, stopping an onslaught from attacking the body itself. Associate Professor Ye Zheng and Assistant Professor Diana Hargreaves have discovered a way to control regulatory T cells, immune cells that act as a cease-fire signal, telling the immune system when to stand down. Their study appeared in the journal Immunity on July 7. [7/7/2020] Keeping innocent people out of jail using the science of perception - People wrongfully accused of a crime often wait years-if ever-to be exonerated. Many of these wrongfully accused cases stem from unreliable eyewitness testimony. Now, the lab of Professor Thomas Albright has identified a new way of presenting a lineup to an eyewitness that could improve the likelihood that the correct suspect is identified and reduce the number of innocent people sentenced to jail. The work appeared in the journal Nature Communications on July 14. [7/14/2020] New maps of chemical marks on DNA pinpoint regions relevant to many developmental diseases - The lab of Professor Joseph Ecker has generated 168 new maps of chemical marks on DNA-called methylation-in mice. The data, which can help narrow down regions of the human genome that play roles in diseases such as schizophrenia and Rett syndrome, were part of a special edition of Nature devoted to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project. The paper's authors were also on two other papers in the special edition, published on July 29. [7/29/2020] New molecule reverses Alzheimer's-like memory decline - A drug candidate developed by Salk researchers, and previously shown to slow aging in brain cells, successfully reversed memory loss in a mouse model of inherited Alzheimer's disease. The new research, published online in July 2020 in the journal Redox Biology, also revealed that the drug, CMS121, works by changing how brain cells metabolize fatty molecules known as lipids. [8/4/2020] Imaging method highlights new role for cellular "skeleton" protein - Salk researchers have developed a new imaging method that lets them monitor a small subset of fine skeleton-like filaments, called actin. With the new imaging technique, the Salk team has been able to home in on how actin mediates an important function: helping the cellular "power stations" known as mitochondria divide in two. The work, which appeared in the journal Nature Methods on August 10, 2020, could provide a better understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been linked to cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. [8/10/2020] First immune-evading cells created to treat type 1 diabetes - Salk Institute scientists made a major advance in the pursuit of a safe and effective treatment for type 1 diabetes, an illness that impacts an estimated 1.6 million Americans with a cost of $14.4 billion annually. Using stem cell technology, Salk researchers generated the first human insulin-producing pancreatic cell clusters able to evade the immune system, as detailed in the journal Nature on August 19, 2020. These "immune shielded" cell clusters controlled blood glucose without immunosuppressive drugs in mice, once transplanted in the body. [8/19/2020] Method to derive blood vessel cells from skin cells suggests ways to slow aging - Salk scientists have used skin cells called fibroblasts from young and old patients to successfully create blood vessels cells that retain their molecular markers of age. The team's approach, described in the journal eLife on September 8, 2020, revealed clues as to why blood vessels tend to become leaky and hardened with aging, and lets researchers identify new molecular targets to potentially slow aging in vascular cells. [9/8/2020] Common diabetes drug reverses inflammation in the liver - The diabetes drug metformin has been prescribed to hundreds of millions of people worldwide as the frontline treatment for type 2 diabetes. Yet scientists don't fully understand how the drug is so effective at controlling blood glucose. Salk researchers have now shown the importance of specific enzymes in the body for metformin's function. In addition, the new work showed that the same proteins, regulated by metformin, controlled aspects of inflammation in mice, something the drug has not typically been prescribed for. Apart from clarifying how metformin works, the research, which appeared in the journal Genes & Development on September 10, 2020, has relevance for many other inflammatory diseases. [9/10/2020] Traveling brain waves help detect hard-to-see objects - A team of Salk Institute scientists led by Professor John Reynolds uncovered details of the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of objects. They found that patterns of neural signals, called traveling brain waves, exist in the visual system of the awake brain and are organized to allow the brain to perceive objects that are faint or otherwise difficult to see. The findings were published in Nature on October 7, 2020. [10/7/2020] When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - When you touch a hot stove, your hand reflexively pulls away; if you miss a rung on a ladder, you instinctively catch yourself. Both motions take a fraction of a second and require no forethought. Now, researchers at the Salk Institute have mapped the physical organization of cells in the spinal cord that help mediate these and similar critical "sensorimotor reflexes." The new blueprint of this aspect of the sensorimotor system, described online in Neuron on November 11, 2020, could lead to a better understanding of how it develops and can go awry in conditions such as chronic itch or pain. [12/10/2020] Teaching artificial intelligence to adapt - Getting computers to "thinkhumans is the holy grail of artificial intelligence, but human brains turn out to be tough acts to follow. Now, Salk researchers have used a computational model of brain activity to simulate this process more accurately than ever before. The new model mimics how the brain's prefrontal cortex uses a phenomenon known as "gating" to control the flow of information between different areas of neurons. It not only sheds light on the human brain, but could also inform the design of new artificial intelligence programs. The team's findings were published on November 24, 2020, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [12/16/2020] Computational model reveals how the brain manages short-term memories - Salk scientists have developed a new computational model showing how the brain maintains information short-term using specific types of neurons. Their findings, published in Nature Neuroscience on December 7, 2020, could help shed light on why working memory is impaired in a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, as well as in normal aging. [12/17/2020] New clues why gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder doesn't work for majority of patients - Lithium is considered the gold standard for treating bipolar disorder (BD), but nearly 70 percent of people with BD don't respond to it. This leaves them at risk for debilitating, potentially life-threatening mood swings. Researchers at the Salk Institute have found that the culprit may lie in gene activity-or lack of it. A new study led by Salk Professor and President Rusty Gage, which published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry on January 4, 2021, shows that decreased activation of a gene called LEF1 disrupts ordinary neuronal function and promotes hyperexcitability in brain cells-a hallmark of BD. The work could result in a new drug target for BD as well as a biomarker for lithium non-responsiveness. 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2181811 608347 5160349 4322033 6807160 19079700 45497 22341 67838 70625 8647 5125 3315 1945 89657 760230641 0.93689 0.91676 X OTHER INCOME SCHEDULE A, PART II, LINE 10 Description: OIL ROYALTIES 2016: 1,714 2017: 1,652 2018: 1,545 2019: 1,093 2020: 994 Description: ENERGY REBATE 2016: 65,276 2017: 0 2018: 0 2019: 0 2020: 0 Description: REVENUE SHARING-HOST VEHICLE CHARGING STATION 2016: 0 2017: 4,688 2018: 1,278 2019: 1,227 2020: 951 Description: NET GIFT SHOP SALES 2016: 3,635 2017: 2,307 2018: 2,302 2019: 994 2020: 0 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED false false false false false false false false true 4250 4250 false OTHER ACTIVITIES PART II-B, LINE 1 PAID MEMBERSHIP DUES TO RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS, A PORTION OF WHICH ARE CONSIDERED LOBBYING. NATIONAL ASSOCATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH - $2,400, ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES - $1,500, BIOCOM - $350. 299166085 14926831 74973285 14016040 375050161 286834762 6580341 17530495 11779513 299166085 240056992 42422494 14937417 10582141 286834762 228968520 4591674 15038371 8541573 240056992 207522930 10092267 18861980 7508657 228968520 0.01860 0.98140 0.00000 false false 1153930 1153930 64209980 51433110 12776870 100240681 68799711 31440970 103771556 79013127 24758429 1352080 1302366 49714 70179913 ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS 511991132 F STOCKS NOT-PUBLICLY TRADED <5% 625945 C LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTEREST 28955451 F 541572528 5143 DEFERRED RETIREE MEDICAL OBLIG 6196720 6201863 202728004 104376409 -110499751 -6123342 208851346 2396771 2396771 211248117 145954217 145954217 2396771 -1 2396770 148350987 ENDOWMENT FUNDS USES PART V, LINE 4 ENDOWMENT INCOME INTENDED TO BE USED FOR AND TO SUPPORT RESEARCH, OPERATIONS, AND LECTURESHIP EXPENSES. RECONCILIATION OF REVENUE PER AUDITED FS WITH REVENUE PER RETURN PART XI, LINE 2D INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY - ($110,794,180), CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS - $293,845, AND ROUNDING - $584. Reconciliation of Expenses per Audited Financial Stmts w Expenses per Rtn PART XII, LINE 4B ROUNDING - ($1). Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Program Services Attended conference 7911 North America Program Services Attended conference 1081 Central America and the Caribbean Program Services Attended conference 491 North America Program Services Scientific Subcontract 135235 Middle East and North Africa Program Services Scientific Subcontract 24201 Central America and the Caribbean Investments 227017589 Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Investments 38741214 Sub-Saharan Africa Investments 15924998 North America Investments 1925598 283778318 283778318 true false true true true false NO. OF EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (C) SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. ACCOUNTING METHOD PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (F) ACCRUAL METHOD X true true X X X X X X false false false false false false false false false FRED GAGE PHD PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR 820932 0 0 0 83004 0 34200 0 11715 0 949851 0 0 0 KIM E WITMER TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN 435251 0 0 0 43488 0 34200 0 12390 0 525329 0 0 0 MARTIN HETZER PHD CSO/PROFESSOR 399096 0 0 0 76000 0 34200 0 17129 0 526425 0 0 0 REBECCA NEWMAN VP, EXTERNAL RELATIONS 414664 0 0 0 50035 0 34200 0 1637 0 500536 0 0 0 REUBEN SHAW PHD PROFESSOR 238757 0 0 0 152965 0 34200 0 12076 0 437998 0 0 0 ANTHONY HUNTER PHD PROFESSOR 346819 0 0 0 6736 0 28500 0 17880 0 399935 0 0 0 JULIA A MILLER JD SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL 341468 0 0 0 28969 0 34200 0 18297 0 422934 0 0 0 JUAN CARLOS I BELMONTE PHD PROFESSOR 341445 0 0 0 11913 0 34200 0 1019 0 388577 0 0 0 GERALD SHADEL PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 262650 0 0 0 47709 0 32518 0 821 0 343698 0 0 0 KIMBERLY CASTILLO CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 288487 0 0 0 9994 0 34200 0 11504 0 344185 0 0 0 TATYANA SHARPEE PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 211482 0 0 0 21137 0 26574 0 11997 0 271190 0 0 0 MARTYN GOULDING PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 231401 0 0 0 8557 0 29959 0 16821 0 286738 0 0 0 QUESTIONS REGARDING COMPENSATION PART I, LINE 1A FIRST-CLASS OR CHARTER TRAVEL: RONALD EVANS, PROFESSOR - $2,630; KAY TYE, PROFESSOR - $874; MARTIN HETZER, CSO/PROFESSOR - $710. NOT TAXABLE - ACCOUNTABLE PLAN. MARTIN HETZER PROFESSOR HOME LOAN X 400000 400000 false true true MARTIN HETZER PROFESSOR HOME LOAN X 92500 30833 false true true GERALD SHADEL PROFESSOR HOME LOAN X 300000 210000 false true true GERALD SHADEL PROFESSOR HOME LOAN X 300000 210000 false true true 850833 X 88 32436319 MARKET VALUE false true false NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTIONS PART I, COLUMN B THE AMOUNT REPORTED IN THIS COLUMN REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTIONS. GOVERNING BODY AND MANAGEMENT FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINES 1A, 6, 7A, 7B LINE 1A: THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL ADVISE AND AID THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING ITS INTERESTS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL MATTERS RELATING TO COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS, AND SHALL POSSESS AND MAY EXERCISE, DURING THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ALL THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AND AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO AUTHORIZE THE CORPORATE SEAL TO BE AFFIXED TO ANY AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY REQUIRE THE SAME TO BE AFFIXED THERETO, INSOFAR AS SUCH SEEMS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATION, IN ALL CASES IN WHICH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS SHALL NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, EXCEPT THAT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL HAVE NO POWER TO ADOPT, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS. LINE 6: MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS. LINE 7A: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES. LINE 7B: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE. POLICIES FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINES 11B, 12C, 15A/B LINE 11B: THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING, A COPY OF THIS FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO AND DISCUSSED IN THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. LINE 12C: THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT. LINE 15A/B:IN FISCAL YEAR 2021 (JULY 1, 2020 - JUNE 30, 2021), SALK PUT A HOLD ON COMPENSATION CHANGES/REVIEW FOR ALL STAFF, INCUDING EXECUTIVES. A COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS FORMED IN 2014 TO EVALUATE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION. THE COMMITTEE'S PURPOSE IS TO ACT ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRESIDENT/CEO; TO DETERMINE ON AN ANNUAL BASIS, APPROPRIATE COMPENSATION FOR THE PRESIDENT/CEO, VICE PRESIDENTS AND/OR EQUIVALENT PERSONS, AND TO RECOMMEND TO THE BOARD PLANS AND POLICIES PERTINENT TO THE COMPENSATION FOR THESE EXECUTIVES. DISCLOSURE FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEB SITE. OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9 DEFEASEANCE OF DEBT - $(1,076,179); POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST - $(362,067); CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS $293,845; UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME $XX,XXX; ROUNDING COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS FORM 990, PART VII, DIRECTORS COMPENSATION - THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: FRED GAGE, PH.D. - PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR; TATYANA SHARPEE, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; GERALD SHADEL, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; MARTYN GOULDING, PH.D. - PROFESSOR. SALK INSTITUTE COMMERCIAL SERVICES CORP 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 232159172 MGMT SERVICES PA SALK INSTITUTE C 4 41130 1.00000 true CHARITABLE REMAINDER TRUSTS (4) SUPPORT CA NA TRUST false false false false false false false false false false false false false true true false true false false NONE