2021-05-14T12:08:28-05:00 2020-06-30 ERNST & YOUNG US LLP 4365 EXECUTIVE DR SUITE 1600 SAN DIEGO CA 92121 990 2019-07-01 952160097 THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES % KIMBERLY CASTILLO SALK 8584534100 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 KIM E WITMER TREAS/SVP FIN/ADMIN 8584534100 2021-05-13 true JOCELYNE MILLER P00634378 8585357200 2019 2022-09-23 18:48:47Z FRED GAGE 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 295724404 false X WWW.SALK.EDU X 1960 CA BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY. 33 29 1085 169 -38586 -52316 166283728 160017000 0 0 22559342 5071233 473397 3014724 189316467 168102957 0 0 0 0 75666308 82920070 0 0 4734741 61324385 62065841 136990693 144985911 52325774 23117046 577444867 626803906 120028415 123383998 457416452 503419908 X INVOLVED IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, THE OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE THE ADVANCEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF MAN. THE OBJECTIVES ARE MET PRIMARILY THROUGH RESEARCH AND ADVANCED INSTRUCTION IN (A) BIOLOGY, (B) THE CAUSE, PREVENTION AND CURE OF DISEASES, AND (C) THE FACTORS AND CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO THE FULFILLMENT OF MAN'S BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL. false false 121934786 0 0 New computational tool lets researchers identify cells based on their chromosome shape - In the nucleus of every living cell, long strands of DNA are tightly folded into compact chromosomes. Now, thanks to a new computational approach developed by Professor Joseph Ecker, researchers can use the architecture of these chromosome folds to differentiate between types of cells. The development, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on July 8, will give scientists a better understanding of how interactions between different regions of DNA play a role in health and disease. [7/8/2019] Gene identified that will help develop plants to fight climate change - Hidden underground networks of plant roots snake through the earth foraging for nutrients and water, similar to a worm searching for food. Yet, the genetic and molecular mechanisms that govern which parts of the soil roots explore remain largely unknown. Now, Associate Professor Wolfgang Busch and his lab have discovered a gene that determines whether roots grow deep or shallow in the soil. The findings, published in Cell on July 11, will allow Salk researchers to develop plants that can help combat climate change as part of Salk's Harnessing Plants Initiative. [7/11/2019] Scratching the surface of how your brain senses an itch - Professor Martyn Goulding's lab has discovered how neurons in the spinal cord help transmit itch signals to the brain. Published in the journal Cell Reports on July 16, the team's findings help contribute to a better understanding of itch and could lead to new drugs to treat chronic itch, which occurs in such conditions as eczema, diabetes and even some cancers. [8/1/2019] How mammals' brains evolved to distinguish odors is nothing to sniff at - The world is filled with millions upon millions of distinct smells, but how mammals' brains evolved to tell them apart is something of a mystery. Now, Charles Stevens, Salk distinguished professor emeritus, in collaboration with UC San Diego, has discovered that at least six types of mammals-from mice to cats-distinguish odors in roughly the same way, using circuitry in the brain that's evolutionarily preserved across species. The work is published in Current Biology on July 18. [7/18/2019] Unlocking therapies for hard-to-treat lung cancers - A Salk study found that diabetes drug candidates may work against types of non-small-cell lung cancers. The discovery shows that researchers could target these hard-to-treat cancers by pursuing drugs that keep a cellular "switch," called CREB, from triggering tumor growth. The work, published in the journal Science Advances on July 24, was led by Salk Professor Marc Montminy, in close collaboration with Professor Reuben Shaw, and colleagues. [7/24/2019] Labs identify novel targets for deadly lung cancer - The lab of Professor Reuben Shaw discovered why a mutated gene called LKB1 results in non-small-cell lung cancer. The surprising results, published in Cancer Discovery on July 26, highlight how a non-mutated LBK1 communicates with two enzymes to block tumor growth. In the second study, published in the journal Science Advances on July 24 and led by Professor Marc Montminy in close collaboration with Shaw, the researchers targeted these hard-to-treat cancers by keeping a cellular "switch," called CREB, from triggering tumor growth. Together, the findings could lead to new therapies for lung cancer. [7/26/2019] Brain's astrocytes play starring role in long-term memory - Professor Terrence Sejnowski discovered that star-shaped cells called astrocytes, long considered to be merely supportive cells, help the brain establish long-lasting memories. The study, published in the journal GLIA on July 26, could inform therapies for disorders in which long-term memory is impaired, such as traumatic brain injury or dementia. [8/22/2019] Finding a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders - Neurodevelopmental disorders arising from rare genetic mutations can cause atypical cognitive function, intellectual disability and developmental delays, yet it is unclear why and how this happens. Now, Assistant Professor Diana Hargreaves has identified the molecular mechanism linking a mutation in a complex of proteins with abnormal nervous system development. The team's findings, published in Molecular Cell on July 30, bring researchers one step closer to understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. [7/30/2019] Salk scientists develop a new genome-editing tool that could help treat many disorders caused by gene mutations - The lab of Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte developed a new tool-dubbed SATI-to edit the mouse genome, enabling the team to target a broad range of mutations and cell types. The new genome-editing technology, described in Cell Research on August 23, could be expanded for use in a broad range of gene mutation conditions such as Huntington's disease and the rare premature aging syndrome, progeria. [8/23/2019] New target for autoimmune disease could enable therapies with fewer side effects - Salk scientists led by Professor Ronald Evans and Associate Professor Ye Zheng have discovered a way to stop certain immune system cells from mistakenly attacking the body. Their findings, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on August 26, suggest a new method to target a type of helper T cell that produces interleukin 17, a molecule known to be at the root of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. [8/27/2019] Getting to the root of how plants tolerate too much iron - Despite dozens of attempts in the last two decades to uncover the genes responsible for the iron tolerance of plants, these remained elusive. But recently, Associate Professor Wolfgang Busch and colleagues uncovered a gene credited with helping plants thrive in stressful environments. The team believes their finding, published in Nature Communications on August 29, could help plants, such as rice, become more resistant to iron in regions with toxic iron levels. [8/29/2019] Key enzyme found in plants could guide development of medicines and other products - Professor Joseph Noel 's lab discovered how an enzyme called chalcone isomerase evolved to enable plants to make products vital to their own survival. The study appeared in the journal version of ACS Catalysis on September 6. Researchers hope this knowledge will inform the manufacture of products that are beneficial to humans, including medications and improved crops. [9/6/2019] New technique reveals epigenetic features of cells in the brain - Understanding the large diversity of cells of the prefrontal cortex has long been challenging for researchers. Now, a team of scientists from the labs of Salk Professor Joseph Ecker and Salk Fellow Jesse Dixon has developed a method to simultaneously analyze how chromosomes, along with their epigenetic features, are compacted inside of single human brain cells. The work, published in Nature Methods on September 9, paves the way toward a new understanding of how some cells become dysregulated to cause disease. [9/9/2019] How emotion affects action - Salk Associate Professor Xin Jin and colleagues have discovered a direct link from the brain's emotion circuit to the movement circuit, which may explain such phenomena as athletes experiencing a rapid decline in performance under pressure, known as "choking." Now, the team has uncovered what might be behind it: one-way signals from the brain's emotion circuit to the movement circuit. The study, published in eLife on September 6, could lead to new strategies for treating disorders with disrupted movement, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depression. [9/10/2019] Salk scientists find way to quantify how well cutting-edge microscopy technique works - In 2017, the lab of Assistant Professor Dmitry Lyumkis reported that tilting a frozen protein sample as it sat under an electron microscope was an effective approach to acquiring better information about its structure and helping researchers understand a host of diseases ranging from HIV to cancer. Now, they have developed a mathematical framework that underlies some of those initial observations. Their new study, published in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology on September 13, provides a foundation for determining how differences in viewing angles affect the resulting 3D structures of proteins, and could help other researchers determine the best setup for experiments to improve the imaging technique called cryo-EM. [10/3/2019] Study yields insights that may improve immunotherapy for melanoma - Although immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment, many patients do not respond. Now, Salk Professors Susan Kaech and Gerald Shadel, along with colleagues in Israel and the U.S., have revealed a unique connection between fat metabolism by melanoma tumor cells and patient response to immunotherapy. 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RECONCILIATION OF REVENUE PER AUDITED FS WITH REVENUE PER RETURN PART XI, LINE 2D INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY AND ROUNDING. Reconciliation of Revenue per Audited FS with Revenue per Return PART XI, LINE 4B FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES - $(251,857), ROUNDING - $3, AND UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME - $(38,586) Reconciliation of Expenses per Audited Financial Stmts w Expenses per Rtn PART XII, LINE 2D FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES - $251,857 Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Program Services Attended conference 61712 East Asia and the Pacific Program Services Attended conference 16706 Russia and the Newly Independent States Program Services Attended conference 2295 North America Program Services Attended conference 2187 South America Program Services Attended conference 269 Central America and the Caribbean Investments 164075297 Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Investments 30008438 Sub-Saharan Africa Investments 10124240 North America Investments 1838345 North America Program Services Scientific Subcontract 96419 Middle East and North Africa Program Services Scientific Subcontract 42678 206268586 206268586 true false true true true false NO. OF EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (C) SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. ACCOUNTING METHOD PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (F) ACCRUAL METHOD CONCERT 676333 534927 141406 98396 132350 LECTURE/MUSIC 61180 43920 17260 1611 19500 0 0 0 0 0 0 737513 578847 158666 100007 151850 251857 -93191 X true true X X X X X X false false false false false false false false false FRED GAGE PHD PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR 821172 0 0 0 159960 0 33600 0 10686 0 1025418 0 0 0 KIM E WITMER TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMN 415377 0 0 0 49788 0 33600 0 9070 0 507835 0 0 0 MARTIN HETZER PHD CSO/PROFESSOR 392296 0 0 0 73062 0 33267 0 13383 0 512008 0 0 0 REBECCA NEWMAN VP, EXTERNAL RELATIONS 397244 0 0 0 37692 0 33600 0 855 0 469391 0 0 0 REUBEN SHAW PHD PROFESSOR 236194 0 162123 33600 9070 440987 0 ANTHONY HUNTER PHD PROFESSOR 337705 0 0 0 19295 0 28000 0 14583 0 399583 0 0 0 JULIA A MILLER JD SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL 329676 0 0 0 25240 0 33600 0 14583 0 403099 0 0 0 JUAN CARLOS I BELMONTE PHD PROFESSOR 331500 0 0 0 9927 0 33600 0 32 0 375059 0 0 0 GERALD SHADEL PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 255000 0 0 0 37446 0 30600 0 32 0 323078 0 0 0 KIMBERLY CASTILLO CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 278474 0 0 0 8288 0 33600 0 13483 0 333845 0 0 0 JAN KARLSEDER PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 225531 0 0 0 39231 0 28512 0 4609 0 297883 0 0 0 MARTYN GOULDING PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 225529 0 0 0 8254 0 29086 0 13383 0 276252 0 0 0 QUESTIONS REGARDING COMPENSATION PART I, LINE 1A FIRST-CLASS OR CHARTER TRAVEL: FRED GAGE, PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR - $20,780; JAN KARLSEDER, PROFESSOR - $7,641. 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SCHEDULE M, PART I, LINE 25 DONATED SUPPLIES AND PROPERTY RECEIVED FROM HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE. GOVERNING BODY AND MANAGEMENT FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINES 1A, 6, 7A, 7B LINE 1A: THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL ADVISE AND AID THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING ITS INTERESTS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL MATTERS RELATING TO COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS, AND SHALL POSSESS AND MAY EXERCISE, DURING THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ALL THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AND AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO AUTHORIZE THE CORPORATE SEAL TO BE AFFIXED TO ANY AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY REQUIRE THE SAME TO BE AFFIXED THERETO, INSOFAR AS SUCH SEEMS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATION, IN ALL CASES IN WHICH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS SHALL NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, EXCEPT THAT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL HAVE NO POWER TO ADOPT, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS. LINE 6: MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS. LINE 7A: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES. LINE 7B: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE. POLICIES FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINES 11B, 12C, 15A/B LINE 11B: THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING, A COPY OF THIS FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO AND DISCUSSED IN THE EXECUTIVE SESSION OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. LINE 12C: ANNUALLY, THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT. LINE 15A/B:IN FISCAL YEAR 2020 (JULY 1, 2019 - JUNE 30, 2020), HUMAN RESOURCES COMPLETED A TOTAL COMPENSATION ANALYSIS FOR ALL EXECUTIVES. THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS PROVIDED MARKET DATA COMPARISON TO LIKE ROLES AMONG ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING SIMILAR SERVICES IN THE RESEARCH INDUSTRY AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT SECTORS. HUMAN RESOURCES GAVE THE OPINION THAT THE TOTAL COMPENSATION WAS WELL WITHIN THE REASONABLE RANGE OF COMPARABLE PRACTICES AND IN LINE WITH THE GUIDELINES ARTICULATED IN THE SALK INSTITUTE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION POLICY. A COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS FORMED IN 2014 TO EVALUATE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION. THE COMMITTEE'S PURPOSE IS TO ACT ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRESIDENT/CEO; TO DETERMINE ON AN ANNUAL BASIS, APPROPRIATE COMPENSATION FOR THE PRESIDENT/CEO, VICE PRESIDENTS AND/OR EQUIVALENT PERSONS, AND TO RECOMMEND TO THE BOARD PLANS AND POLICIES PERTINENT TO THE COMPENSATION FOR THESE EXECUTIVES. THE OPINION FROM THE HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT WAS REVIEWED BY THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, AND THE FULL BOARD OF TRUSTEES EXCLUDING THE PRESIDENT DUE TO A CONFLICT OF INTEREST WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS. THE DELIBERATIONS AND DECISIONS REGARDING THE COMPENSATION ACTIONS WERE INCLUDED IN THE MINUTES OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE MEETING, THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING, AND THE FULL BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING. A COPY OF THE REPORT WAS ATTACHED TO THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING. DISCLOSURE FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEB SITE. OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9 POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST - $(603,941); CHANGE IN VALUE OF DEFERRED GIFTS $528,802, UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME $38,586 COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS FORM 990, PART VII, DIRECTORS COMPENSATION - THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: FRED GAGE, PH.D. - PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR; JAN KARLSEDER, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; GERALD SHADEL, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; MARTYN GOULDING, PH.D. - PROFESSOR. SALK INSTITUTE COMMERCIAL SERVICES CORP 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 232159172 MGMT SERVICES PA SALK INSTITUTE C 13 41125 1.00000 true CHARITABLE REMAINDER TRUSTS (4) SUPPORT CA NA TRUST false false false false false false false false false false false false false true true false true false false NONE