2019-05-13T13:51:11-05:00 2018-06-30 ERNST & YOUNG US LLP 4365 EXECUTIVE DR SUITE 1600 SAN DIEGO CA 92121 990 2017-07-01 952160097 THE SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES % KIMBERLY CASTILLO SALK 8584534100 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 KIM E WITMER TREAS/SVP FIN/ADMIN 8584534100 2019-05-13 true JOCELYNE MILLER P00634378 8585357200 164.57.159.253 33008120191335000011 2019-05-13 P F288E67E55761D06AB1F13A66E69F1FD67FD3A25 5807E93C31CA370BCDB6419F9C7E1017C25C7759 2017 2019-02-21 02:37:17Z FRED GAGE 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 286175600 false X WWW.SALK.EDU X 1960 CA BASIC RESEARCH IN THE FOLLOWING: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PLANT BIOLOGY. 33 29 1073 183 22341 73290 117967625 118876121 0 0 12519420 22544429 1372745 1161189 131859790 142581739 0 0 0 0 68371000 70829123 0 0 5014621 50993264 54781095 119364264 125610218 12495526 16971521 500598954 521318368 115532386 117889210 385066568 403429158 X INVOLVED IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES, THE OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE THE ADVANCEMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO THE HEALTH AND WELLBEING OF MAN. THE OBJECTIVES ARE MET PRIMARILY THROUGH RESEARCH AND ADVANCED INSTRUCTION IN (A) BIOLOGY, (B) THE CAUSE, PREVENTION AND CURE OF DISEASES, AND (C) THE FACTORS AND CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO THE FULFILLMENT OF MAN'S BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL. false false 103598943 0 0 Tilted microscopy technique better reveals protein structures - The conventional way of placing protein samples under an electron microscope during cryo-EM experiments may fall flat when it comes to getting the best picture of a protein's structure. In some cases, tilting a sheet of frozen proteins-by anywhere from 10 to 50 degrees-as it lies under the microscope, gives higher quality data and could lead to a better understanding of a variety of diseases, according to new research led by Helmsley-Salk Fellow Dmitry Lyumkis. The work appeared in Nature Methods on July 3, 2017. [7/3/2017] More evidence shows natural plant compound may reduce mental effects of aging - Salk scientists have found further evidence that a natural compound in strawberries reduces cognitive deficits and inflammation associated with aging in mice. The work, which appeared in the Journals of Gerontology Series A in June 2017, builds on the team's previous research into the antioxidant fisetin, finding it could help treat age-related mental decline and conditions like Alzheimer's or stroke. [7/10/2017] How plants grow like human brains - Plants and brains are more alike than you might think: Salk scientists Saket Navlakha, Charles Stevens, Joanne Chory and colleagues discovered that the mathematical rules governing how plants grow are similar to how brain cells sprout connections. The new work, published in Current Biology on July 6, 2017, and based on data from 3D laser scanning of plants, suggests there may be universal rules of logic governing branching growth across many biological systems. [7/26/2017] How plant architectures mimic subway networks - It might seem like a tomato plant and a subway system don't have much in common, but both, it turns out, are networks that strive to make similar tradeoffs between cost and performance. Using 3D laser scans of growing plants, Assistant Professor Saket Navlakha, Professor and HHMI Investigator Joanne Chory, first author Adam Conn and colleagues found that the same universal design principles that humans use to engineer networks like subways also guide the shapes of plant branching architectures. The work, which appears in the July 26, 2017, issue of Cell Systems, could help direct strategies to increase crop yields or breed plants better adapted to climate change. [7/26/2017] Early gene-editing success holds promise for preventing inherited diseases - In another Salk gene-editing first, Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, co-first author Jun Wu and collaborators have corrected a disease-causing mutation in early stage human embryos. The technique, which uses the CRISPR-Cas9 system, corrected the mutation for a common heart condition called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at the earliest stage of embryonic development so that the defect would not be passed on to future generations. [8/2/2017] New kinds of brain cells revealed - Under a microscope, it can be hard to tell the difference between any two neurons, the brain cells that store and process information. So scientists have turned to molecular methods to try to identify groups of neurons with different functions. Professor and HHMI Investigator Joseph Ecker, Senior Staff Scientist Margarita Behrens, Research Associate Chongyuan Luo and collaborators scientists have, for the first time, profiled chemical modifications of DNA molecules in individual neurons, giving the most detailed information yet on what makes one brain cell different from its neighbor. The work appeared in Science on August 10, 2017. [8/10/2017] Protein turnover may be useful marker of aging - It may seem paradoxical, but studying what goes wrong in rare diseases can provide useful insights into normal health. Probing the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, Professor and Chief Science Officer Martin Hetzer and Staff Scientist Abby Buckwalter have uncovered an errant protein process in the disease that could help healthy people as well as progeria sufferers live longer. The work, described in Nature Communications on August 30, 2017, adds to a growing body of evidence that reducing protein synthesis can extend lifespan-and thus may offer a useful therapeutic target to counter both premature and normal aging. [8/30/2017] Partnership for a healthy brain - Professor Rusty Gage, Professor and Chief Science Officer Martin Hetzer, first author Tomohisa Toda and colleagues have discovered that an interaction between two key proteins in the cell nucleus helps regulate and maintain the cells that produce neurons. The work, published in Cell Stem Cell on September 14, 2017, offers insight into why an imbalance between these precursor cells and neurons might contribute to mental illness or age-related brain disease. [9/14/2017] MicroRNA helps cancer evade immune system - The immune system automatically destroys dysfunctional cells such as cancer cells, but cancerous tumors often survive nonetheless. A new study by Salk Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, former Salk Research Associate Min-Zu (Michael) Wu and collaborators shows one method by which fast-growing tumors evade anti-tumor immunity. The team uncovered two gene-regulating molecules that alter cell signaling within tumor cells to survive and subvert the body's normal immune response, according to a September 18, 2017, paper in Nature Cell Biology. The discovery could one day point to a new target for cancer treatment in various types of cancer. [9/18/2017] The right way to repair DNA - Is it better to do a task quickly and make mistakes, or to do it slowly but perfectly? When it comes to deciding how to fix breaks in DNA, cells face the same choice between two major repair pathways. The decision matters, because the wrong choice could cause even more DNA damage and lead to cancer. Salk Institute scientists found that a tiny protein called CYREN helps cells choose the right pathway at the right time, clarifying a longstanding mystery about DNA repair and offering researchers a powerful tool that could guide better treatments for cancer. The work appears in Nature on September 20, 2017. [9/20/2017] Salk scientists solve longstanding biological mystery of DNA organization (Reuters, KPBS) - Stretched out, the DNA from all the cells in our body would reach Pluto. So how does each tiny cell pack a two-meter length of DNA into its nucleus, which is just one-thousandth of a millimeter across? The answer to this daunting biological riddle is central to understanding how the three-dimensional organization of DNA in the nucleus influences our biology. Associate Professor Clodagh O'Shea, first author Horng Ou and collaborators have, for the first time, provided an unprecedented view of the 3D structure of human chromatin-the combination of DNA and proteins-in the nucleus of living human cells. [9/27/2017] Can you hear me now? Ensuring good cellular connections in the brain - Astrocytes are brain cells that, among other things, help neurons form active connections with each other but the exact mechanism behind this process has been a mystery. Scientists in Nicola Allen's lab have begun to uncover more about these important cells. Allen and first author Isabella Farhy-Tselnicker discovered that astrocytes initiate communication between pairs of neurons by prompting specific changes in neurons through a protein called glypican 4. The protein influences both sending and receiving neurons, helping them make synaptic connections. The protein may be a target for better understanding neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, ADHD and schizophrenia, all of which may result at least partially from faulty communication between neurons. The work was published in Neuron. [10/11/2017] "Busybody" protein may get on your nerves, but that's a good thing - Sensory neurons regulate how we recognize touch and pain as well as body movement and position, but neuroscientists are just beginning to unravel this circuitry. New research from Kuo-Fen Lee's lab, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Michigan, shows how a protein involved in many different signaling pathways plays a key role in pain signaling in the brain. This "busybody" protein, called p75, enhances the survival of proteins that support sensory neurons involved in transmitting pain signals. When p75 is removed, the survival-promoting signal of these proteins is reduced and the neurons that respond to this signal gradually degenerate. These findings could lead to new insights into neurological disorders, as well as spinal cord injuries and other traumas. The work published October 17, 2017, in Cell Reports. [10/17/2017] Immune cell policing offers insights into cancer, autoimmune disease - Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the immune system's traffic cops, instructing other immune cells when to stop and when to go. Now, research led by Ronald Evans has uncovered, for the first time, how a protein called Lkb1 controls Treg survival and function. Lkb1 had previously been shown 103598943 true true false true false false false false false true true true false false true false true false false false true false false false true false false false false true true false false false false false true false false false false true false false false false true true false false false true 140 0 true 1073 true true true false false false false true true false false false false X 33 29 false false false false true true true true true false false true true true true true true true true false AL AK AZ AR CA CT GA HI IL KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MS NH NJ NM NY NC OH OK OR PA RI SC TN UT VA WA WV WI X X KIMBERLY CASTILLO 8584534100 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 X IRWIN M JACOBS SM SCD CHAIR EMERITUS 2.0 0.0 X 0 0 0 M FAYE WILSON TRUSTEE 0.5 0.0 X 0 0 0 DANIEL C LEWIS CHAIR (INCOMING NOV. 2017) 3.0 0.0 X X 0 0 0 THEODORE WAITT CHAIR (OUTGOING NOV. 2017) 3.0 0.0 X X 0 0 0 MARNA WHITTINGTON PHD VICE CHAIR 2.0 0.0 X X 0 0 0 RICHARD A 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RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS, A PORTION OF WHICH ARE CONSIDERED LOBBYING. ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES $1,060 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH $1,200 BIOCOM $320 228968520 4591674 15038371 8541573 240056992 207522930 10092267 18861980 7508657 228968520 218699419 6197345 -10186871 7186963 207522930 218629544 5364024 1892814 7186963 218699419 167637178 29641230 27636790 6285654 218629544 0.01700 0.98300 0.00000 false false 0 1153930 1153930 0 64209980 46738386 17471594 0 96900646 58962522 37938124 0 83221981 67386131 15835850 0 1264059 1256192 7867 72407365 ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS 269894167 F STOCKS NOT-PUBLICLY TRADED <5% 3011 C 269897178 3330 DEFERRED RETIREE MEDICAL OBLIG 5964643 5967973 135853544 3432046 -10493200 -7061154 142914698 -332959 -332959 142581739 125965518 355300 355300 125610218 125610218 ENDOWMENT FUNDS USES PART V, LINE 4 ENDOWMENT INCOME INTENDED TO BE USED FOR AND TO SUPPORT RESEARCH, OPERATIONS, AND LECTURESHIP EXPENSES. RECONCILIATION OF REVENUE PER AUDITED FS WITH REVENUE PER RETURN PART XI, LINE 2D INVESTMENT RETURN IN EXCESS OF AMOUNT DESIGNATED FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS UNDER SPENDING POLICY AND ROUNDING. Reconciliation of Revenue per Audited FS with Revenue per Return PART XI, LINE 4B FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES AND UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME. Reconciliation of Expenses per Audited Financial Stmts w Expenses per Rtn PART XII, LINE 2D FUNDRAISING EVENTS EXPENSES. Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Program Services Attended conference 129642 East Asia and the Pacific Program Services Attended conference 82311 Middle East and North Africa Program Services Attended conference 834 North America Program Services Attended conference 9296 Russia and the Newly Independent States Fundraising 11869 Central America and the Caribbean Investments 83285850 Europe (Including Iceland and Greenland) Investments 50896340 Sub-Saharan Africa Investments 7617818 Middle East and North Africa Investments 4135819 North America Investments 985770 147155549 147155549 true false true true true false NO. OF EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (C) SCIENTISTS TRAVEL TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ATTEND CONFERENCES. WE DO NOT DEEM THESE ACTIVITIES TO CONSTITUTE WORKING IN THE REGION. ACCOUNTING METHOD PART I, LINE 3, COLUMN (F) ACCRUAL METHOD CONCERT 522570 450110 72460 0 0 0 108700 225500 0 LECTURE/MUSIC 81342 47000 34342 0 0 0 1600 19500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 603912 497110 106802 0 0 0 110300 245000 0 355300 -248498 X X true true X X X X X X false false false false false false false false false ELIZABETH BLACKBURN PHD PRESIDENT (OUTGOING JAN. 2018) 764760 0 0 0 187457 0 5400 0 0 0 957617 0 0 0 JULIA A MILLER JD SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL 307006 0 0 0 8918 0 32400 0 14485 0 362809 0 0 0 KIM E WITMER TREASURER/SVP FINANCE & ADMIN 382588 0 0 0 22806 0 32400 0 13934 0 451728 0 0 0 EDWARD M CALLAWAY PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 249882 0 0 0 87586 0 31314 0 14161 0 382943 0 0 0 MARTIN HETZER PHD PROFESSOR/CSO 352800 0 0 0 38570 0 32400 0 13361 0 437131 0 0 0 ALAN SAGHATELIAN PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 197536 0 0 0 30434 0 20560 0 10617 0 259147 0 0 0 FRED GAGE PHD PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR 364249 0 0 0 16438 0 32400 0 11044 0 424131 0 0 0 ANTHONY HUNTER PHD PROFESSOR 324807 0 0 0 9295 0 27000 0 14252 0 375354 0 0 0 REBECCA NEWMAN VP, EXTERNAL RELATIONS 377760 0 0 0 13954 0 32400 0 1633 0 425747 0 0 0 INDER VERMA PHD PROFESSOR 414080 0 0 0 19700 0 32400 0 11044 0 477224 0 0 0 KIMBERLY CASTILLO CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 239349 0 0 0 11982 0 29911 0 14168 0 295410 0 0 0 JAN KARLSEDER PHD TRUSTEE/PROFESSOR 216874 0 0 0 40434 0 21876 0 5004 0 284188 0 0 0 DENNIS O'LEARYPHD PROFESSOR 0 0 0 0 601653 0 0 0 576 0 602229 0 0 0 QUESTIONS REGARDING COMPENSATION PART I, LINE 1A FIRST-CLASS OR CHARTER TRAVEL: FRED GAGE, PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR - $23,304; EDWARD CALLAWAY, PROFESSOR - $1,895; MARTIN HETZER, CSO/PROFESSOR - $99. NOT TAXABLE - ACCOUNTABLE PLAN. QUESTIONS REGARDING HOUSING ALLOWANCE OR RESIDENCE PART I, LINE 1A A HOUSING ALLOWANCE IS PROVIDED AND REPORTED AS TAXABLE COMPENSATION. A CA STATEWIDE COMM DEV AUTHORITY 680164610 2014-08-07 31081050 REFUND 08/11/05 ISSUE; RENOVATE/EQ false false false A 1124133 0 31081050 0 0 0 0 0 0 15000000 16081050 0 2018 true false true true A false false false false 0 false false false true A false false false true false false 0 false 0 false true A true SCHEDULE K, PART IV, LINE 2C THE REBATE CALCULATION WAS LAST PERFORMED ON 05/10/2015. 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GOVERNING BODY AND MANAGEMENT FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION A, LINES 1A, 6, 7A, 7B LINE 1A: THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL ADVISE AND AID THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING ITS INTERESTS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL MATTERS RELATING TO COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS, AND SHALL POSSESS AND MAY EXERCISE, DURING THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ALL THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AND AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO AUTHORIZE THE CORPORATE SEAL TO BE AFFIXED TO ANY AND ALL DOCUMENTS WHICH MAY REQUIRE THE SAME TO BE AFFIXED THERETO, INSOFAR AS SUCH SEEMS TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATION, IN ALL CASES IN WHICH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS SHALL NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, EXCEPT THAT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SHALL HAVE NO POWER TO ADOPT, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS. LINE 6: MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION CONSISTS OF THE PERSONS ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND THREE MEMBERS FROM AMONG THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS CHOSEN AND ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT FELLOWS AND PROFESSORS. LINE 7A: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION ELECT THE TRUSTEES. LINE 7B: THE MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION MAY ALTER, AMEND, OR REPEAL THE BY-LAWS BY VOTE. POLICIES FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINES 11B, 12C, 15A/B LINE 11B: THE FORM 990 IS PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE, INTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND EXTERNALLY REVIEWED BY THE TAX DEPARTMENT OF A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM. A COPY OF THE PREPARED FORM 990 IS PROVIDED TO ALL BOARD MEMBERS AND THE AUDIT COMMITTEE FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION PRIOR TO ELECTRONIC FILING. LINE 12C: ANNUALLY, THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE STATEMENT IS SENT OUT FOR COMPLETION BY THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SENIOR MEMBERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESEARCHERS. THE DESIGNATED OFFICIAL FOR EACH GROUP REVIEWS THE COMPLETED FORMS AND BRINGS ANY POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO THE RESPECTIVE COMMITTEES FOR REVIEW. UPON DETERMINATION THAT A CONFLICT OF INTEREST EXISTS, THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS MAY BE IMPOSED: A. MONITORING OF ACTIVITIES GENERATING THE CONFLICT BY ANOTHER MEMBER; B. DISQUALIFICATION FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITIES GIVING RISE TO THE CONFLICT; C. MODIFICATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES TO AVOID CONFLICTS; D. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR DIVESTITURE OF SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL INTERESTS; E. MODIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH PLAN OR REMOVAL OF THE AFFECTED RESEARCHER FROM THE RESEARCH; F. SEVERANCE OF RELATIONSHIP THAT CREATES ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS; G. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT. LINE 15A/B:IN FISCAL YEAR 2018 (JULY 1, 2017 - JUNE 30, 2018), HUMAN RESOURCES COMPLETED A TOTAL COMPENSATION ANALYSIS FOR ALL EXECUTIVES. THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS PROVIDED MARKET DATA COMPARISON TO LIKE ROLES AMONG ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING SIMILAR SERVICES IN THE RESEARCH INDUSTRY AND NOT-FOR-PROFIT SECTORS. HUMAN RESOURCES GAVE THE OPINION THAT THE TOTAL COMPENSATION WAS WELL WITHIN THE REASONABLE RANGE OF COMPETITIVE PRACTICES AND IN LINE WITH THE GUIDELINES ARTICULATED IN THE SALK INSTITUTE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION POLICY. A COMPENSATION COMMITTEE WAS FORMED IN 2014 TO EVALUATE EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION. THE COMMITTEE'S PURPOSE IS TO ACT ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRESIDENT/CEO; TO DETERMINE ON AN ANNUAL BASIS, APPROPRIATE COMPENSATION FOR THE PRESIDENT/CEO, VICE PRESIDENTS AND/OR EQUIVALENT PERSONS, AND TO RECOMMEND TO THE BOARD PLANS AND POLICIES PERTINENT TO THE COMPENSATION FOR THESE EXECUTIVES. THE OPINION FROM THE HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT WAS REVIEWED BY THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, AND THE FULL BOARD OF TRUSTEES EXCLUDING THE PRESIDENT DUE TO A CONFLICT OF INTEREST WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS. THE DELIBERATIONS AN DECISIONS REGARDING THE COMPENSATION ACTIONS WERE INCLUDED IN THE MINUTES OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE MEETING, THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING, AND THE FULL BOARD OF TRUSTEES MEETING. A COPY OF THE REPORT WAS ATTACHED TO THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING. DISCLOSURE FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 UPON REQUEST, THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER MAKES AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THE INSTITUTE'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SALK WEB SITE. OTHER CHANGES IN NET ASSETS FORM 990, PART XI, LINE 9 DEBT DEFEASEMENT COST - ($2,541,021) POSTRETIREMENT BENEFIT CHANGES OTHER THAN NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST - $522,384; UNRELATED BUSINESS INCOME $(22,341); ROUNDING $1 COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS FORM 990, PART VII, DIRECTORS COMPENSATION - THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE COMPENSATED FOR THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND NOT PAID AS TRUSTEES: FRED GAGE, PH.D. - PRESIDENT/PROFESSOR; EDWARD M. CALLAWAY, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; MARTIN HETZER, PH.D. - PROFESSOR, JAN KARLSEDER, PH.D. - PROFESSOR; ALAN SAGHATELIAN, PH.D. - PROFESSOR. SALK INSTITUTE COMMERCIAL SERVICES CORP 10010 N TORREY PINES ROAD LA JOLLA CA 920371002 232159172 MGMT SERVICES PA SALK INSTITUTE C 13 41100 1.00000 true CHARITABLE REMAINDER TRUSTS (6) SUPPORT CA NA TRUST false false false false false false false false false false false false false true true false true false false NONE