2016-05-12T09:16:06-07:00 2015-06-30 990 2014-07-01 042103638 WHEATON COLLEGE WHEA 5082868219 35 East Main Street Norton MA 02766 Brian Douglas VP for Finance & Administration 5082868208 2016-05-12 2014 2016-08-17 19:52:53Z Dennis M Hanno 35 East Main Street Norton MA 02766 125299890 0 X www.wheatoncollege.edu X 1834 MA Wheaton College provides a transformative liberal arts education for intellectually curious students in a collaborative, academically vibrant residential community that values a diverse world. 34 33 1792 1450 372241 0 12345009 9398553 90928196 89657339 7349894 11693142 2635034 3206366 113258133 113955400 34354995 34862426 0 0 42782284 43682811 0 0 4056269 36498995 35609143 113636274 114154380 -378141 -198980 345372908 342265365 48384262 46932279 296988646 295333086 Wheaton College provides a transformative liberal arts education for intellectually curious students in a collaborative, academically vibrant residential community that values a diverse world. 0 0 104278696 34862426 91413558 Wheaton College (the "college") is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college located in Norton, Massachusetts and is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. Founded as a Female Seminary in 1834 and chartered as a four-year college in 1912, the college became coeducational in 1988. The college provides academic, residential and other services to a diverse student population of approximately 1,590 drawn from schools predominately in the Northeast region of the United States, as well as from many other U.S. states and territories and approximately 45 foreign countries. The curriculum features more than 40 majors and 50 minors in the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. The college offers the Bachelor of Arts degree at the undergraduate level, and the Masters of Arts degree under special circumstances. 0 0 0 104278696 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X 190 0 1 1792 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X 34 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 MA X Meghan Kass 5082863440 35 East Main Street Norton MA 02766 Monique Lee Bahadur Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Anson M Beard Jr Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Mary Bartlett Bryson Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Nancy Pearlstine Conger Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Caroline Campbell Edwards Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Henrietta Gates Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Debra Kent Glidden Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Paul Gray Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Thomas J Hollister Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Amanda Gray Idema Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Wyneva Johnson Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 James B Karman Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Janet L Kelly Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Kirk D Kolenbrander Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Janet Lindholm Lebovitz Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 S Catherine Longley Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Adrienne Bevis Mars Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Jane A Martin Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Diane C Nordin Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Makiyah Moody Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Christopher B Paquet Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Keith J Peden Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Mary Zygala Schleyer Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Alison Grant Small Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Brian R Smiley Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Margaret Dunn Smith Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Kerin E Stackpole Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 John C Talanian Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Cathy Ann Trower Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Cheryl Vedoe Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 David L Wagner Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Cornelia Clifford Wareham Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 John Hazen White Jr Trustee 2 0 X 0 0 0 Dennis Hanno President and ex officio Trustee 40 0 X X 191822 0 60878 Mary Casey Vice President Advancement 40 0 X 217840 0 44160 Brian Douglas Vice President for Finance & Administration 40 0 X 251345 0 52517 Linda Eisenmann Provost 40 0 X 218556 0 38252 Grant Gosselin VP for Enrollment, Dean of Admissions & Student Aid 40 0 X 93894 0 9309 Ellen Hallett Secretary of the Board 40 0 X 96927 0 17523 Marjorie Houston Interim Vice President Advancement 40 0 X 170277 0 17406 Kathryn Kenny VP for Student Affairs & Dean of Students 40 0 X 99258 0 24388 Samuel Coale Professor of English 40 0 X 158199 0 25507 Jay Goodman Professor of Political Science 40 0 X 171894 0 31711 John Kricher Professor of Biology 40 0 X 153069 0 34985 John Sullivan Assistant Vice President of Business Services & Physical Plant 40 0 X 152045 0 16482 Susan Wawrzaszek Associate Vice President LIS, College Librarian 40 0 X 161982 0 24466 Gail Berson Vice President Enrollment & Marketing 0 0 X 322217 0 14663 Ronald Crutcher Former President 40 0 X 371986 0 63828 Meghan Kass Assistant Vice President for Finance & Controller 40 0 X 115424 0 34379 2946735 0 510454 52 1 1 0 Aramark 1101 Market Street Philadelphia PA 19107 Dining Services 5920219 Nauset Builders LLC PO Box 492 Dighton MA 02715 Construction 334946 Woodard and Curran PO Box 414615 Boston MA 022414615 Engineering 268883 LVW Advisors LLC 67 Monroe Avenue Pittsford NY 14534 Investment consultant 265569 Prellwitz Chilinski Associates Inc 221 Hampshire Street Cambridge MA 02139 Architectural services 154630 11 0 0 9668 0 517743 8871142 919609 9398553 Tuition and fees 611310 72535836 72535836 0 0 Room & Board 611310 17011863 17011863 0 0 Education department services 611310 109640 109640 0 0 0 0 0 0 89657339 1699900 0 9891 1690009 125 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 253143 0 0 0 253143 0 253143 0 0 253143 21177559 0 11184442 0 9993117 0 9993117 0 0 9993117 22350 9668 160048 -137698 0 -137698 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dining services 721000 1205255 1205255 0 0 Telecommunications 517000 206774 0 0 206774 Conference & events 451211 1104811 0 362350 742461 574081 550964 0 23117 3090921 113955400 91413558 372241 12771048 0 0 32548135 32548135 2314291 2314291 0 0 2274139 666083 1068564 539492 368921 199847 0 169074 31453434 28542403 1167826 1743205 2449887 2218150 96575 135162 4799565 4261613 239316 298636 2336865 2026304 146363 164198 0 0 0 0 88511 0 88511 0 188624 0 188624 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2808366 2156825 651541 0 6412280 6099266 177109 135905 492531 468846 23685 0 1196082 1008193 22510 165379 808624 781384 5420 21820 0 0 0 0 3440368 3339049 101319 0 2222109 1959676 79815 182618 0 0 0 0 121273 97729 15378 8166 1383126 1383126 0 0 0 0 0 0 7590226 6945409 615709 29108 339457 0 339457 0 Program support 2417194 2413284 300 3610 Equipment & maintenance 2088651 2000881 0 87770 Events, entertainment & food 1806213 993252 538620 274341 Library acquisitions & subscriptions 1082007 929628 139264 13115 1123501 925322 113509 84670 114154380 104278696 5819415 4056269 4614368 5074228 9403464 6766054 9178820 8262075 1294982 1458789 0 0 0 0 2977178 2931703 0 0 1270783 1666454 192834665 87484325 107087795 105350340 102862955 99251987 102341348 106745042 0 0 0 0 4341215 4758693 345372908 342265365 5726791 6207022 0 0 0 0 34385029 33079798 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8272442 7645459 48384262 46932279 X 123295097 120403175 75255284 73727752 98438265 101202159 296988646 295333086 345372908 342265365 -198980 -1456580 0 0 0 0 X 0 1 X 1 1 1 X 16807039 12875896 11836625 12345009 9398553 63263122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16807039 12875896 11836625 12345009 9398553 63263122 5564722 57698400 2571373 2631969 2600102 2326829 1953168 12083441 0 0 9397 1299 0 10696 263903 315603 532525 377073 994702 2483806 77841065 440163878 0.74123 0.69256 X Schedule A, Part I, Line 7 The basis of Wheaton College's public charity status has been and continues to be its qualifications as a school described in Section 170(B)(1)(A)(II). The organization has checked box 7 on Schedule A, Part 1 and completed Schedule A, Part II in order to demonstrate its qualification to follow the special rule for abbreviated reporting of contributions on Form 990, Schedule B. Schedule A, Part II, Line 10 The amount on line 10 includes conference and events revenue and telecommunications fees. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14171 14171 0 Schedule C, Part II-B, Line 1 The amount on line 1i reflects membership dues paid to member organizations, including NACUBO and AICUM, which may engage in lobbying activities in connection with issues that impact higher education. Therefore, a portion of the dues may be attributed to lobbying activities. The college does not directly participate in these lobbying activities. 10000 582740 0 0 X X 0 193544650 2755162 9969400 3276120 5455646 2808366 194729080 176062312 2906160 27054403 3030224 5127326 4320675 193544650 159484340 4228827 23687566 2738162 4807064 3793195 176062312 164947509 3720273 488306 2912836 4834599 1924313 159484340 146689850 5485620 23529926 2673633 4631545 3452709 164947509 0.233 0.451 0.316 0 0 0 2252909 2252909 0 163584212 72125644 91458568 0 0 0 0 0 11058344 8113101 2945243 0 15939200 7245580 8693620 105350340 0 154500 Hedged equity - developed & emerging 30265627 F Real property & commodities 22814191 F Private equity 15429274 F Opportunistic credit 29211107 F Domestic & international equities 4376986 F Fixed income 3738513 F Other 754844 F 106745042 0 Annuity obligations 3059250 Government advances for student loans 2519636 Asset retirement obligations 1344699 Student deposits 721874 7645459 X 75331002 -1456580 0 0 -34359452 -35816032 111147034 2808366 0 2808366 113955400 76986562 0 0 0 -34359452 -34359452 111346014 2808366 0 2808366 114154380 Schedule D, Part III, Line 4 The college's collection items include rare books, historical artifacts and art work that are used for scholarly research, public exhibitions and to document the history of the college. Schedule D, Part V, Line 4 The college's endowment funds provide income and support for the furtherance of the educational mission of the college in accordance with the donors' intentions. The majority of the permanent endowment is held for scholarship, teaching, and program expenses. Schedule D, Part X, Line 2 The college accounts for the effect of any uncertain tax positions based on a "more likely than not" threshold to the recognition of the tax positions being sustained based on the technical merits of the position under scrutiny by the applicable taxing authority. If a tax position or positions are deemed to result in uncertainties of those positions, the unrecognized tax benefit is estimated based on a "cumulative probability assessment" that aggregates the estimated tax liability for all uncertain tax positions. The college has identified its tax status as a tax exempt entity as its only significant tax position; however, the college has determined that such tax position does not result in an uncertainty requiring recognition. The college is not currently under examination by any taxing jurisdictions. The college's Federal and state tax returns are generally open for examination for three years following the date filed. Schedule D, Part XI, Line 2d Scholarship and grants provided to students of $34,519,500 is presented as a contra-revenue item in the audited financial statements and as an expense item in the Form 990. Fundraising event expenses of $160,048 are shown as an expense in the audited financial statements and as a contra-revenue item on the Form 990. Schedule D, Part XII, Line 2d Scholarship and grants provided to students of $34,519,500 is presented as a contra-revenue item in the audited financial statements and as an expense item in the Form 990. Fundraising event expenses of $160,048 are shown as an expense in the audited financial statements and as a contra-revenue item on the Form 990. 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Schedule E, Part I, Line 2 Wheaton College is committed to the principles of Equal Opportunity as defined under federal and state law. The college's Notice of Nondiscrimination is available on its website at http://wheatoncollege.edu/policies/eqopp.html and referenced on its Admission webpages. Schedule E, Part I, Line 3 Wheaton College customarily draws a substantial percentage of its students from the Northeast region of the United States, as well as from many other U.S. states and territories and approximately 40 foreign countries. The College follows a racially nondiscriminatory policy as to its students and enrolls students of racial minority groups in meaningful numbers. Schedule E, Part I, Line 6 Students receive financial aid from state and federal agencies based on predetermined financial and scholastic guidelines consistent with the college's educational mission. 1 Central America and the Caribbean 0 3 Program Services Study abroad 17580 East Asia and the Pacific 0 0 Program Services Study abroad 605604 East Asia and the Pacific 0 2 Program Services Admissions 18687 East Asia and the Pacific 0 0 Grantmaking 461748 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 4 Program Services Study abroad 1908003 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 0 Grantmaking 1420953 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 1 Fundraising 1728 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 2 Program Services Admissions 5732 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 4 Program Services Athletics 66700 Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 0 7 Program Services Faculty research 5172 Middle East and North Africa 0 2 Program Services Study abroad 163985 Middle East and North Africa 0 0 Grantmaking 102810 North America (including Canada and Mexico, but not the United States) 0 2 Program Services Faculty research 4271 Russia and the newly independent States 0 0 Program Services Study abroad 23650 Russia and the newly independent States 0 0 Grantmaking 10550 South America 0 0 Program Services Study abroad 126038 South America 0 0 Grantmaking 76910 South America 0 2 Program Services Admissions 1060 South Asia 0 1 Program Services Study abroad 427333 South Asia 0 0 Grantmaking 197010 South Asia 0 1 Program Services Admissions 3236 Sub-Saharan Africa 0 2 Program Services Study abroad 93474 Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0 Grantmaking 44310 Central America and the Caribbean 0 0 Investments 48903795 0 33 54690339 Scholarship to students East Asia and the Pacific 40 0 461748 Tuition offset Scholarship to students Europe (including Iceland and Greenland) 126 0 1420953 Tuition offset Scholarship to students Middle East and North Africa 8 0 102810 Tuition offset Scholarship to students Russia and the newly independent States 1 0 10550 Tuition offset Scholarship to students South America 6 0 76910 Tuition offset Scholarship to students South Asia 24 0 197010 Tuition offset Scholarship to students Sub-Saharan Africa 4 0 44310 Tuition offset 1 0 1 1 1 0 Schedule F, Part I, Line 2 The college is committed to making study abroad programs available to as wide a range of students as possible. As a result the number of Wheaton students who study abroad is consistently high. Students pay the college its comprehensive fee with offsetting scholarships provided in accordance with standard college financial aid policies and procedures. The college pays foreign schools to provide teaching and accommodations. Schedule F, Part I, Line 3 The study abroad programs are separately tracked in the college's general ledger system by activity and the amounts represent tuition payments, lodging, travel costs and incidentals for students and faculty liaisons. The admissions recruiting, fundraising, athletics, and faculty research amounts are tracked primarily using the college's credit card system and represent travel, meals and lodging costs for college employees conducting business in these regions. All expenses are under the accrual method of accounting. Golf Tournament 19520 7950 11570 0 0 9628 0 0 4940 City Seminar Series 12498 1718 10780 0 0 145480 0 0 0 0 32018 9668 22350 0 0 155108 0 0 4940 160048 -137698 1 Scholarship to students 1432 0 32205209 Reduction of student balance for tuition owed to the college Fellowship stipend 96 342926 0 Schedule I, Part I, Line 2 The college's Office of Financial aid is responsible for awarding and monitoring all college, federal and state grant assistance. More than 60% of Wheaton students receive some form of financial aid and most students who demonstrate need receive aid. Financial assistance at Wheaton is awarded on the basis of demonstrated need and academic performance. "Need" is determined by the financial information that a student and his/her family provides on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and PROFILE forms which capture the data required to determine eligibility based on federal and/or state regulations. A need-based package may include a merit scholarship, grants, loans or work award. When funds are awarded, student eligibility is monitored through the college's operational system financial aid module to ensure there are no changes in status that might affect their ongoing eligibility. Total grant funds awarded are tracked to ensure compliance with budgeted amounts. X X X 1 1 X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Gail Berson Vice President Enrollment & Marketing 80012 0 0 0 242205 0 8919 0 5744 0 336880 0 0 0 Mary Casey Vice President Advancement 216763 0 0 0 1076 0 20437 0 23723 0 261999 0 0 0 Samuel Coale Professor of English 158199 0 0 0 0 0 14451 0 11056 0 183706 0 0 0 Ronald Crutcher Former President 367942 0 0 0 4044 0 23281 0 40547 0 435814 0 0 0 Brian Douglas Vice President for Finance & Administration 246003 0 0 0 5342 0 23175 0 29342 0 303862 0 0 0 Linda Eisenmann Provost 215556 0 0 0 3000 0 19329 0 18923 0 256808 0 0 0 Jay Goodman Professor of Political Science 169914 0 0 0 1980 0 15814 0 15897 0 203605 0 0 0 Dennis Hanno President and ex officio Trustee 182622 0 0 0 9200 0 33362 0 27516 0 252700 0 0 0 Marjorie Houston Interim Vice President Advancement 170277 0 0 0 0 0 15208 0 2198 0 187683 0 0 0 Meghan Kass Assistant Vice President for Finance & Controller 111921 0 3000 0 503 0 11349 0 23030 0 149803 0 0 0 John Kricher Professor of Biology 153069 0 0 0 0 0 14395 0 20590 0 188054 0 0 0 John Sullivan AVP of Business Services & Physical Plant 152045 0 0 0 0 0 13735 0 2747 0 168527 0 0 0 Susan Wawrzaszek Associate Vice President LIS, College Librarian 161982 0 0 0 0 0 14709 0 9757 0 186448 0 0 0 Schedule J, Part I, Line 1a The President, Provost and Dean of Students are provided with housing, including maintenance of such space, for the convenience of the employer on the college's premises. The value of the personal space within the housing is included as a nontaxable benefit on Schedule J. The value of the maintenance of the personal space is taxed accordingly. In addition, the College has a membership at a local country club that is available for use by the President. Any personal use of the club is reimbursed to the college. Schedule J, Part I, Line 3 The Wheaton College Executive Committee, an independent board, establishes compensation to ensure that the Internal Revenue Code provision of "rebuttable presumption of reasonableness" is met and "intermediate sanctions" are not incurred. The Executive Committee obtains and relies upon appropriate data regarding comparability of the compensation package prior to making its determination. Appropriate data includes compensation levels paid by similarly situated organizations, independent compensation surveys by nationally recognized independent firms, and written offers from similar institutions competing for the services of the individual. The Executive Committee documents the basis for its determinations including: the terms of the approved transaction and date approved; the members of the committee who were present during the discussion; and the data obtained and relied upon. Schedule J, Part I, Line 4 Gail Berson, VP for Admissions, received a payment of $198,196 as a result of her separation from the college on June 30, 2014. Schedule J, Part I, Line 7 The Secretary of the Board received a performance related bonus of $1,500. The AVP of Finance and Controller received a performance related bonus of $3,000. A Massachusetts Development Finance Authority 042456011 57586EUF6 2010-05-04 32361170 Construction of academic facilities 0 0 0 B Massachusetts Development Finance Authority 043431814 000000000 2014-04-11 13203807 Refunding of 2004 Series E Bonds and renovation of dining facilities 0 0 0 A 0 0 32361170 0 1412008 0 448729 0 0 30500433 0 0 2011 0 0 1 1 B 0 0 13203807 0 0 7064922 138885 0 0 1292274 0 4707726 1 0 0 1 A 0 0 0 0 0.001 0.0148 0.0158 0 0 1 B 0 1 0 0 0.001 0.011 0.012 0 0 1 A 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 B 1 Schedule K, Part IV, Line 2c-05/04/2010 32,361,170 Massachusetts Development Finance Authority The computations were performed for the June 30, 2015 computation date. Schedule K, Part IV, Line 2c-04/11/2014 13,203,807 Massachusetts Development Finance Authority The computations were performed for the June 30, 2015 computation date. Jay Goodman Spouse of officer 199847 Employment 0 Betty Neal Crutcher Spouse of officer 68507 Employment 0 James Kenny Spouse of officer 100567 Employment 0 Schedule L, Part IV All employees, including employees who may meet the definition of an interested person, are hired through procedures administered by the college's Human Resources Department under applicable college policies. All such employees are provided the same benefits, and are subject to the same policies and procedures, as other college employees. All business transactions, including those with individuals or companies that may meet the definition of an interested party, are made within the normal course of business and are conducted at arm's length. Purchasing decisions are not made by these individuals. X 1 10000 fair market value X 87 909609 fair market value X Insurance Contracts 1 306302 fair market value 0 0 1 0 Schedule M, Part I, Line 9 The college is disclosing the number of contributions of publicly traded securities. These contributions may be comprised of one or more securities. Form 990, Part V, Line 2a The total number of employees includes faculty and staff of 687 and student employees of 1,105. Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 11b The college's Form 990 is prepared by the Finance Office of the college and reviewed by the Assistant Vice President for Finance & Controller and the Vice President for Finance and Administration. In addition, the Form 990 is reviewed and signed by an independent accounting firm. The first draft is reviewed by the Audit Committee of the Board of Trustees and any changes are incorporated into the final draft. The final draft is distributed to the full Board of Trustees via their secure website for final review prior to submission to the IRS. The draft provided to the Audit Committee of the Board of Trustees and to the full Board agrees to what was filed with the IRS with the exception of Schedule B, which was omitted. A copy of the final draft of Schedule B is provided to the Chair of the Board, Chair of the Audit Committee and Chair of the Philanthropy Committee prior to the filing of the return with the Internal Revenue Service. Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 12c All trustees and officers of the college are covered in the Wheaton College Conflict of Interest Policy for Trustees and Officers. The policy and conflict of interest disclosure statement is sent to all officers and trustees on an annual basis. The completed forms are reviewed by the Chair of the Board of Trustees, the Vice President for Finance and Administration and the President, who determine if an actual or potential conflict exists. Officers and trustees recuse themselves from discussion and voting on any matters where a conflict exists. Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 15 The Wheaton College Executive Committee, an independent board, establishes compensation to ensure that the Internal Revenue Code provision of "rebuttable presumption of reasonableness" is met and "intermediate sanctions" are not incurred. The Executive Committee obtains and relies upon appropriate data regarding comparability of the compensation package prior to making its determination. Appropriate data includes compensation levels paid by similarly situated organizations, independent compensation surveys by nationally recognized independent firms, and written offers from similar institutions competing for the services of the individual. The Executive Committee documents the basis for its determinations including: the terms of the approved transaction and date approved; the members of the committee who were present during the discussions; and the data obtained and relied upon. Form 990, Part VI, Section C, Line 19 The employee conflict of interest policy is contained in the Staff Handbook, which is posted to the college's Human Resources website and available to the public. The college's audited financial statements are posted to the college's Finance website, which is available to the public. In addition, the Form 990 and the audited financials are available via the Massachusetts Attorney General's website. The governing documents and trustee conflicts of interest policy are available to the public upon request. Pooled Income Fund 35 East Main Street Norton MA 02766 Pooled Income Fund MA N/A T 1 Perpetual Trust 35 East Main St Norton MA 02766 Perpetual Trust MA N/A T 1 Charitable Remainder Unitrust 35 East Main St Norton MA 02766 Charitable Remainder Trust MA N/A T 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Perpetual Trust a-i 0