STRATEGY STUDIO / PUBLIC DATA EXPLORER

CLEANING INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE: Form 990, tax year 2012

View the entire original 990 at ProPublica ↗

Organization
CLEANING INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EIN 20-2055386)
Tax period
2012-01-01 to 2012-12-31
Filed
2013-11-07
IRS object ID
201323119349300642
Schema version
2012v2.1
Source
Download XML · Original 990 at ProPublica

Every field in the e-filed return. Faint text is the IRS element name, for citing.

Return header ReturnHeader

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Timestamp2013-11-07T12:50:53-06:00Timestamp
Tax Period End Date2012-12-31TaxPeriodEndDate

Preparer Firm PreparerFirm

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN141555429EIN

Preparer Firm Business Name PreparerFirmBusinessName

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1UHY ADVISORS NY INCBusinessNameLine1

Preparer Firm US Address PreparerFirmUSAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line166 SOUTH PEARL STREET SUITE 400AddressLine1
CityALBANYCity
StateNYState
ZIP Code12207ZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Return Type990ReturnType
Tax Period Begin Date2012-01-01TaxPeriodBeginDate

Filer Filer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN202055386EIN

Name Name

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1CLEANING INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTEBusinessNameLine1
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Name ControlCLEANameControl
Phone5184568484Phone

US Address USAddress

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11988 CENTRAL AVENUEAddressLine1
CityALBANYCity
StateNYState
ZIP Code12205ZIPCode

Officer Officer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
NameJAMES F HARRIS SRName
TitleCHAIRMANTitle
Phone5184568484Phone
Date Signed2013-10-31DateSigned
Authorize Third Party1AuthorizeThirdParty

Preparer Preparer

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
NameWILLIAM KAHN CPAName
PTINP00543542PTIN
Phone5184493166Phone
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Tax Year2012TaxYear
Build TS2016-03-07 17:11:31ZBuildTS

Form 990 IRS990

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Name Of Principal Officer PersonJAMES F HARRIS SRNameOfPrincipalOfficerPerson

Address Principal Officer US AddressPrincipalOfficerUS

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11988 CENTRAL AVENUEAddressLine1
CityALBANYCity
StateNYState
ZIP Code12205ZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Gross Receipts51263GrossReceipts
Group Return For Affiliates0GroupReturnForAffiliates
Organization501c3XOrganization501c3
Web SiteWWW.CIRISCIENCE.ORGWebSite
Type Of Organization CorporationXTypeOfOrganizationCorporation
Year Formation2005YearFormation
State Legal DomicileNYStateLegalDomicile
Activity Or Mission Description>> SEE SCHEDULE O FOR MISSION INFORMATION. THE CLEANING INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CIRI) IS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL INSTITUTE INVOLVED IN CLEANING AND BUILDING MAINTENANCE RESEARCH. ITS PURPOSE IS TO IMPROVE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR ALL TYPES OF BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES. CIRI, AS A NOT-FOR-PROFIT SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, IS RECOGNIZED FOR ITS GROUNDBREAKING CLEANING SCIENCE AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS. CIRI SERVES THE DUAL PURPOSE OF INFORMING AND SERVING THE 'PUBLIC GOOD' AS WELL AS ITS MEMBERSHIP. SINCE ITS INCEPTION CIRI HAS SPONSORED UN BIASED TECHNICAL RESEARCH ALLOWING IT TO UPHOLD THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE COMMERCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL CLEANING INDUSTRIES WHILE ALSO IMPROVING THE PUBLIC'S QUALITY OF LIFE.ActivityOrMissionDescription
Nbr Voting Members Governing Body9NbrVotingMembersGoverningBody
Nbr Independent Voting Members8NbrIndependentVotingMembers
Total Nbr Employees0TotalNbrEmployees
Total Nbr Volunteers100TotalNbrVolunteers
Total Gross UBI303TotalGrossUBI
Net Unrelated Business Txbl Income0NetUnrelatedBusinessTxblIncome
Contributions Grants Prior Year194965ContributionsGrantsPriorYear
Contributions Grants Current Year50960ContributionsGrantsCurrentYear
Program Service Revenue Prior Year82540ProgramServiceRevenuePriorYear
Program Service Revenue CY278ProgramServiceRevenueCY
Investment Income Prior Year1279InvestmentIncomePriorYear
Investment Income Current Year25InvestmentIncomeCurrentYear
Other Revenue Prior Year18000OtherRevenuePriorYear
Other Revenue Current Year0OtherRevenueCurrentYear
Total Revenue Prior Year296784TotalRevenuePriorYear
Total Revenue Current Year51263TotalRevenueCurrentYear
Grants And Similar Amnts Prior Year0GrantsAndSimilarAmntsPriorYear
Grants And Similar Amnts CY52551GrantsAndSimilarAmntsCY
Benefits Paid To Members Prior Year0BenefitsPaidToMembersPriorYear
Benefits Paid To Members CY0BenefitsPaidToMembersCY
Salaries Etc Prior Year0SalariesEtcPriorYear
Salaries Etc Current Year0SalariesEtcCurrentYear
Total Prof Fundrsng Exp Prior Year0TotalProfFundrsngExpPriorYear
Total Prof Fundrsng Exp CY0TotalProfFundrsngExpCY
Total Fundrsng Exp Current Year0TotalFundrsngExpCurrentYear
Other Expense Prior Year214653OtherExpensePriorYear
Other Expenses Current Year122388OtherExpensesCurrentYear
Total Expenses Prior Year214653TotalExpensesPriorYear
Total Expenses Current Year174939TotalExpensesCurrentYear
Revenues Less Expenses Prior Year82131RevenuesLessExpensesPriorYear
Revenues Less Expenses CY-123676RevenuesLessExpensesCY
Total Assets BOY163738TotalAssetsBOY
Total Assets EOY85062TotalAssetsEOY
Total Liabilities BOY50000TotalLiabilitiesBOY
Total Liabilities EOY95000TotalLiabilitiesEOY
Net Assets Or Fund Balances BOY113738NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOY
Net Assets Or Fund Balances EOY-9938NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOY
Mission DescriptionSEE SCHEDULE 0 FOR INFORMATION ON MISSIONMissionDescription
Significant New Program Services0SignificantNewProgramServices
Significant Change0SignificantChange
Expense142919Expense
Grants52551Grants
Revenue28550Revenue
DescriptionSEE ORGANIZATION MISSION UNDER SCHEDULE O FOR INFORMATION ON PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS.Description
Total Program Service Expense142919TotalProgramServiceExpense
Described In501 C31DescribedIn501C3
Schedule B Required1ScheduleBRequired
Political Activities0PoliticalActivities
Lobbying Activities0LobbyingActivities
Subject To Proxy Tax0SubjectToProxyTax
Donor Advised Funds0DonorAdvisedFunds
Conservation Easements0ConservationEasements
Collections Of Art0CollectionsOfArt
Credit Counseling0CreditCounseling
Term Or Permanent Endowments0TermOrPermanentEndowments
Report Land Bldg Equip1ReportLandBldgEquip
Report Invest Oth Securities0ReportInvestOthSecurities
Report Prog Rel Invest0ReportProgRelInvest
Report Other Assets0ReportOtherAssets
Report Other Liabilities0ReportOtherLiabilities
Report Fin48 Footnote0ReportFin48Footnote
Independent Audit Financial Stmt0IndependentAuditFinancialStmt
Consolidated Audit Financial Stmt0ConsolidatedAuditFinancialStmt
School0School
Foreign Office0ForeignOffice
Foreign Activities0ForeignActivities
More Than5000 K To Organizations0MoreThan5000KToOrganizations
More Than5000 K To Individuals0MoreThan5000KToIndividuals
Professional Fundraising0ProfessionalFundraising
Fundraising Activities0FundraisingActivities
Gaming0Gaming
Hospital0Hospital
Grants To Organizations1GrantsToOrganizations
Grants To Individuals0GrantsToIndividuals
Schedule J Required0ScheduleJRequired
Tax Exempt Bonds0TaxExemptBonds
Excess Benefit Transaction0ExcessBenefitTransaction
Prior Excess Benefit Transaction0PriorExcessBenefitTransaction
Loan To Officer Or DQP1LoanToOfficerOrDQP
Grant To Related Person0GrantToRelatedPerson
Bsnss Rltnshp With Organization1BsnssRltnshpWithOrganization
Bsnss Rltnshp Thru Family Member0BsnssRltnshpThruFamilyMember
Officer Entity With Bsnss Rltnshp0OfficerEntityWithBsnssRltnshp
Deductible Non Cash Contributions0DeductibleNonCashContributions
Deductible Contributions Of Art0DeductibleContributionsOfArt
Terminated0Terminated
Partial Liquidation0PartialLiquidation
Disregarded Entity0DisregardedEntity
Related Entity0RelatedEntity
Related Org Controlled Entity0RelatedOrgControlledEntity
Transfers To Exempt Non Chrtbl Org0TransfersToExemptNonChrtblOrg
Activities Conducted Partnership0ActivitiesConductedPartnership
Schedule O Required1ScheduleORequired
Number Forms Transmitted With10969NumberFormsTransmittedWith1096
Number W2 G Included0NumberW2GIncluded
Compliance With Backup Witholding1ComplianceWithBackupWitholding
Number Of Employees0NumberOfEmployees
Unrelated Business Income0UnrelatedBusinessIncome
Foreign Financial Account0ForeignFinancialAccount
Prohibited Tax Shelter Trans0ProhibitedTaxShelterTrans
Taxable Party Notification0TaxablePartyNotification
Non Deductible Contributions0NonDeductibleContributions
Quid Pro Quo Contributions0QuidProQuoContributions
Form8282 Property Disposed Of0Form8282PropertyDisposedOf
Indoor Tanning Services0IndoorTanningServices
Info In Schedule O Part VIXInfoInScheduleOPartVI
Nbr Voting Governing Body Members9NbrVotingGoverningBodyMembers
Number Independent Voting Members8NumberIndependentVotingMembers
Family Or Business Relationship0FamilyOrBusinessRelationship
Delegation Of Management Duties0DelegationOfManagementDuties
Changes To Organizing Docs0ChangesToOrganizingDocs
Material Diversion Or Misuse0MaterialDiversionOrMisuse
Members Or Stockholders0MembersOrStockholders
Election Of Board Members0ElectionOfBoardMembers
Decisions Subject To Approval0DecisionsSubjectToApproval
Minutes Of Governing Body1MinutesOfGoverningBody
Minutes Of Committees1MinutesOfCommittees
Officer Mailing Address0OfficerMailingAddress
Local Chapters0LocalChapters
Form990 Provided To Governing Body1Form990ProvidedToGoverningBody
Conflict Of Interest Policy0ConflictOfInterestPolicy
Whistleblower Policy0WhistleblowerPolicy
Document Retention Policy0DocumentRetentionPolicy
Compensation Process CEO0CompensationProcessCEO
Compensation Process Other0CompensationProcessOther
Investment In Joint Venture0InvestmentInJointVenture
States Where Copy Of Return Is FiledNYStatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFiled
Other WebsiteXOtherWebsite
Upon RequestXUponRequest

The Books Are In Care Of TheBooksAreInCareOf

Name Business NameBusiness

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1THE ORGANIZATIONBusinessNameLine1
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Telephone Number5184568484TelephoneNumber

Address US AddressUS

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line11988 CENTRAL AVENUEAddressLine1
CityALBANYCity
StateNYState
ZIP Code12205ZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
No Listed Persons CompensatedXNoListedPersonsCompensated

Form990 Part VII Section A Form990PartVIISectionA (6 entries)

TitleTitleAverage Hours Per WeekAverageHoursPerWeekIndividual Trustee Or DirectorIndividualTrusteeOrDirectorOfficerOfficerReportable Comp From OrganizationReportableCompFromOrganizationReportable Comp From Related OrgsReportableCompFromRelatedOrgsOther CompensationOtherCompensation
JAMES F HARRIS SR
CHAIRMAN10.00XX000
ROBERT ROBINSON
CHAIRMAN ELECT10.00XX000
CHARLIE SMITH
VICE CHAIRMAN10.00XX000
JOHN GARFINKEL
DIRECTOR1.00X000
TOM JONES
DIRECTOR1.00X000
CAREY MITCHELL
DIRECTOR1.00X000
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Reportable Comp From Org0TotalReportableCompFromOrg
Total Reportable Comp Frm Rltd Orgs0TotalReportableCompFrmRltdOrgs
Total Other Compensation0TotalOtherCompensation
Number Individuals GT100 K0NumberIndividualsGT100K
Formers Listed0FormersListed
Total Comp GT150 K0TotalCompGT150K
Compensation From Other Sources0CompensationFromOtherSources
Number Of Contractors GT100 K0NumberOfContractorsGT100K
Membership Dues22410MembershipDues
All Other Contributions28550AllOtherContributions
Total Contributions50960TotalContributions

Total Oth Program Service Revenue TotalOthProgramServiceRevenue

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column278TotalRevenueColumn
Unrelated Business Revenue278UnrelatedBusinessRevenue
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Program Service Revenue278TotalProgramServiceRevenue

Investment Income InvestmentIncome

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column25TotalRevenueColumn
Unrelated Business Revenue25UnrelatedBusinessRevenue

Total Revenue TotalRevenue

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Revenue Column51263TotalRevenueColumn
Related Or Exempt Function Income0RelatedOrExemptFunctionIncome
Unrelated Business Revenue303UnrelatedBusinessRevenue
Exclusion$0ExclusionAmount

Grants To Domestic Orgs GrantsToDomesticOrgs

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total52551Total
Program Services52551ProgramServices

Advertising Advertising

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total712Total
Management And General712ManagementAndGeneral

Office Expenses OfficeExpenses

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total2489Total
Management And General2489ManagementAndGeneral

Travel Travel

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total3915Total
Management And General3915ManagementAndGeneral

Conferences Meetings ConferencesMeetings

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total13176Total
Program Services13176ProgramServices

Depreciation Depletion DepreciationDepletion

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total3074Total
Management And General3074ManagementAndGeneral

Insurance Insurance

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total733Total
Management And General733ManagementAndGeneral

Other Expenses OtherExpenses (4 entries)

DescriptionDescriptionTotalTotalProgram ServicesProgramServicesManagement And GeneralManagementAndGeneral
SCH PROJ / TESTING LAB6499564995
WEBSITE COSTS1200012000
SCH PROJ / COORDINATOR82008200
PROFESSIONAL FEES58005800

All Other Expenses AllOtherExpenses

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total7294Total
Program Services3997ProgramServices
Management And General3297ManagementAndGeneral

Total Functional Expenses TotalFunctionalExpenses

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total174939Total
Program Services142919ProgramServices
Management And General32020ManagementAndGeneral
Fundraising0Fundraising

Cash Non Interest Bearing CashNonInterestBearing

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY79683BOY
EOY4081EOY

Accounts Receivable AccountsReceivable

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY75000BOY
EOY75000EOY
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Land Buildings Equipment Basis23249LandBuildingsEquipmentBasis
Land Bldg Equipment Accum Deprec17842LandBldgEquipmentAccumDeprec

Land Buildings Equipment Basis Net LandBuildingsEquipmentBasisNet

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY8481BOY
EOY5407EOY

Intangible Assets IntangibleAssets

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY574BOY
EOY574EOY

Total Assets TotalAssets

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY163738BOY
EOY85062EOY

Loans From Officers Directors LoansFromOfficersDirectors

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY50000BOY
EOY95000EOY

Total Liabilities TotalLiabilities

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY50000BOY
EOY95000EOY
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Do Not Follow SFAS117XDoNotFollowSFAS117

Cap Stck Trst Prin Current Funds CapStckTrstPrinCurrentFunds

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY0BOY
EOY0EOY

Paid In Cap Srpls Land Bldg Eqp Fund PaidInCapSrplsLandBldgEqpFund

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY0BOY
EOY0EOY

Retained Earnings Endowment Etc RetainedEarningsEndowmentEtc

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY113738BOY
EOY-9938EOY

Total Net Assets Fund Balances TotalNetAssetsFundBalances

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY113738BOY
EOY-9938EOY

Total Liab Net Assets Fund Balances TotalLiabNetAssetsFundBalances

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
BOY163738BOY
EOY85062EOY
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Reconcilation Revenue Expenses-123676ReconcilationRevenueExpenses
Reconcilation Other Changes0ReconcilationOtherChanges
Method Of Accounting AccrualXMethodOfAccountingAccrual
Accountant Compile Or Review0AccountantCompileOrReview
FS Audited0FSAudited
Federal Grant Audit Required0FederalGrantAuditRequired

Schedule A IRS990ScheduleA

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Publicly Supported Org170b1 AviXPubliclySupportedOrg170b1Avi

Gifts Grants Contrib Received170 GiftsGrantsContribReceived170

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years345756CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years152866CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years151914CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year295504CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year
Current Tax Year51238CurrentTaxYear
Total997278Total

Total170 Total170

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years345756CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years152866CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years151914CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year295504CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year
Current Tax Year51238CurrentTaxYear
Total997278Total
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Public Support Total170997278PublicSupportTotal170

Gross Investment Income170 GrossInvestmentIncome170

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Current Tax Year Minus4 Years1670CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years
Current Tax Year Minus3 Years1186CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years
Current Tax Year Minus2 Years236CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years
Current Tax Year Minus1 Year1279CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year
Current Tax Year25CurrentTaxYear
Total4396Total
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Support1001674TotalSupport
Public Support Pertcentage1700.99560PublicSupportPertcentage170
Public Support Pertcent Prior Year0.99370PublicSupportPertcentPriorYear
Thirty Three Percnt Tests CY170XThirtyThreePercntTestsCY170

Schedule B IRS990ScheduleB

Contributor Info ContributorInfo

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Contributor NumberRESTRICTEDContributorNumber

Contributor Name Business ContributorNameBusiness

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1RESTRICTEDBusinessNameLine1

Contributor Address US ContributorAddressUS

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1RESTRICTEDAddressLine1
Address Line2RESTRICTEDAddressLine2
CityRESTRICTEDCity
StateRESTRICTEDState
ZIP CodeRESTRICTEDZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Aggregate ContributionsRESTRICTEDAggregateContributions

Schedule D IRS990ScheduleD

Equipment Equipment

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Other Cost Or Other Basis23249OtherCostOrOtherBasis
Depreciation17842Depreciation
Book Value5407BookValue
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Of Book Value Land Buildings5407TotalOfBookValueLandBuildings

Schedule I IRS990ScheduleI

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Records Maintained1RecordsMaintained

Recipient Table RecipientTable

Recipient Name Business RecipientNameBusiness

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Business Name Line1UNIVERSITY OF TULSABusinessNameLine1

Address US AddressUS

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Address Line1800 SOUTH TUCKER DRIVEAddressLine1
CityTULSACity
StateOKState
ZIP Code74104ZIPCode
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
EIN Of Recipient730579298EINOfRecipient
IRC Section501(C)(3)IRCSection
Amount Of Cash Grant52551AmountOfCashGrant
Purpose Of GrantSPONSORED RESEARCH GRANT TO FUND STUDY ON HARD AND SOFT FLOOR SURFACE CAREPurposeOfGrant
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Nbr Of501 C3 And Govt Grants1TotalNbrOf501C3AndGovtGrants

Schedule L IRS990ScheduleL

Loan Table LoanTable

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Name PersonJAMES F HARRIS SRNamePerson
Purpose Of LoanNON-INTEREST BEARING LOAN TO ASSIST IN THE ORGANIZATION'S CASH FLOW NEEDSPurposeOfLoan
Loan To OrganizationXLoanToOrganization
Original Principal$31,279OriginalPrincipalAmount
Balance Due95000BalanceDue
Default0Default
Approved By Board1ApprovedByBoard
Written Agreement0WrittenAgreement
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Total Balance Due95000TotalBalanceDue

Form990 Schedule L Part IV Form990ScheduleLPartIV

Name Of Interested Person NameOfInterestedPerson

FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
Name PersonJAMES F HARRIS SRNamePerson
FieldValueIRS element (for citing)
RelationshipSEE BELOWRelationship
Description Of TransactionMR. HARRIS IS THE MAJORITY SHAREHOLDER OF JANITRONICS INC, AN ENTITY WHICH PROVIDES CERTAIN OFFICE SUPPORT AND OTHER RELATED SERVICES TO THE ORGANIZATION. THESE SERVICES, WHICH INCLUDE POSTAGE, TELEPHONE,AND OFFICE SUPPLIES, ARE INVOICED TO THE ORGANIZATION AT ACTUAL COST.DescriptionOfTransaction
Sharing Of Revenues0SharingOfRevenues

Schedule O IRS990ScheduleO

General Explanation GeneralExplanation (2 entries)

Return ReferenceReturnReferenceExplanationExplanation
FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11THE ORGANIZATION MAKES AVAILABLE A COPY OF FORM 990 TO ALL DIRECTORS.
FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS, APPLICABLE POLICIES, AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC UPON WRITTEN REQUEST.